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<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8" />
<title>Gentoo</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css" />
<style>
code {
color: #505050;
font-size: 10px;
border: 1px solid grey;
border-radius: 3px;
padding: 1.75px;
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pre {
background: #f4f4f4;
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padding: 20px 0px 0px 20px;
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</head>
<body>
<a style="text-decoration: none" href="topics.html"><--</a>
<h2>Gentoo Linux on Macbook Air</h2>
This page covers various features, nuances, notes, etc. of my Gentoo system
running on a 2012 Macbook Air. This laptop was initially bought as a
tinkering project for 150USD. While this is not the most powerful device, it
is suitable for just about anything I encounter on a daily basis and is used
as my primary system. My intentions for this system are reliability and
speed most importantly. Follows is a tidy OS with minimal kernel parameters
set, fine-tuned USE flags, and a system I'm very familiar with. Much of my
configuration can be found on my
<a href="https://github.com/waffle87/dots/tree/xena" target="_blank"
>Github</a
>. <br /><br />
<img src="data/gentoo/laptop.jpg" alt="laptop image" />
<img src="data/gentoo/laptop_open.jpg" alt="laptop open image" />
<br /><br />
<a href="#hardware_features">hardware features</a><br />
<a href="#kernel">kernel</a><br />
<a href="#bootloader">bootloader</a><br />
<a href="#portage">portage</a><br />
<a href="#applications">applications</a><br />
<a href="#miscellaneous">miscellaneous</a><br />
<a href="#screenshots">screenshots</a>
<div id="hardware_features">
<h3>Hardware Features</h3>
This is a Macbook Air 5,2 (EMC 2559) fit with the following (see
<a href="data/gentoo/lspci" target="_blank">lspci</a>,
<a href="data/gentoo/lsusb" target="_blank">lsusb</a>)
<ul>
<li>
Intel i7 3667U at 3.2 GHz with 4 cores (<a
href="data/gentoo/lscpu"
target="_blank"
>lscpu</a
>)
</li>
<li>8 GB RAM</li>
<li>1 TB NVMe Samsung 970 SSD (used adapter)</li>
<li>Intel 3rd gen graphics</li>
<li>
Broadcom BCM43224 802.11 Network Controller (bcma-pci-bridge driver)
</li>
<li>Broadcom BCM2046 Bluetooth</li>
<li>Broadcom BCM5974 Touchpad</li>
<li>Keyboard with backlight</li>
<li>13" 1440 x 900 LCD display</li>
<li>2x USB 2.0, SD card reader, & Thunderbolt port</li>
</ul>
<h4>Modifications</h4>
Since 2010, Apple Macbooks have used their proprietary SSDs with
non-standard connectors. When I bought this machine, it came with a 128 GB
Samgsung "blade" SSD which I was not very keen on keeping. Luckily, there
exists
<a
href="https://www.microconnectors.com/macbook-m-2-nvme-upgrade-adapter/"
target="_blank"
>adapters</a
>
which simply act as a bridge between a standard M.2 SSD and Apple's
connector. Installation was quite easy and the adapter has been reliable
since. This laptop also came with what I presume was the original battery,
as it lasted about 15 minutes after being charged and would lose power
randomly. A suitable
<a
href="https://www.amazon.com/Replacement-Battery-MacBook-7200mAh-Laptop/dp/B07SDBKDDK"
target="_blank"
>replacement</a
>
can be found roughly 50USD. With this, I get about 5 hours on a full
charge, mostly thanks to
<a href="https://github.com/linrunner/TLP" target="_blank">TLP</a> and
thermald. Now, if only the memory wasn't soldered directly to the
motherboard, or I could find the courage to
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aH4n9xBaWxg" target="_blank"
>replace it</a
>.
</div>
<div id="kernel">
<h3>Kernel</h3>
After spending quite some time narrowing down kernel enabled, I have a
7.8MB kernel image with ~4000 parameters set. Note, this configuration is
very hardware and user specific. I opted for zero modules since I don't
need any out-of-tree hardware support. I also did not configure anything
very drastically in either direction, like extreme security, sacraficing
usability, etc. I chose to use
<a
href="https://packages.gentoo.org/packages/sys-kernel/gentoo-sources"
target="_blank"
>gentoo-sources</a
>
to provide kernel source as it contains some handy patches and is easy to
obtain via emerge. A base 6.8 kernel builds locally (with 4 cores!) in
approximately 17 minutes, which is not too much of a pain when
troubleshooting on bare metal. I also chose to omit an initramfs, which
means CPU microcode can/should be built directly into the kernel. This can
be achieved by first installing <code>sys-firmware/intel-microcode</code>.
This is also a good time to add microcode signature to
<code>/etc/portage/make.conf</code>
<pre>
$ iucode_tool -S -l /lib/firmware/intel-ucode/*
iucode_tool: system has processor(s) with <b>signature 0x000306a9</b>
microcode bundle 1: /lib/firmware/intel-ucode/06-3a-09
selected microcodes:
001/001: sig 0x000306a9, pf_mask 0x12, 2019-02-13, rev 0x0021, size 14336
# echo 'MICROCODE_SIGNATURES="-s 0x000306a9"' >> /etc/portage/make.conf
</pre>
CPU's signature is found in bundle 1, so the filename to use is
<code>/lib/firmware/intel-ucode/06-3a-09</code>. Ensure the following
kernel options are set approximately, where the argument passed to
<code>CONFIG_EXTRA_FIRMWARE</code> is the filename of our microcode
<pre>
CONFIG_MICROCODE=y
CONFIG_FW_LOADER=y
CONFIG_EXTRA_FIRMWARE="intel-ucode/06-3a-09"
CONFIG_EXTRA_FIRMWARE_DIR="/lib/firmware"
</pre>
Check dmesg for microcode output to ensure all was successful. Specific
configuation for this machine can be found at
<a
href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/waffle87/dots/xena/.config/kernel.config"
>6.8.9 .config</a
>. For some more kernel related stuff, see <a href="kernel.html">here</a>.
</div>
<div id="bootloader">
<h3>Bootloader</h3>
Spoiler: there is none. For the duration of my time using Linux, I have
used GRUB across various systems. In my experience, it's been ok, it does
what it needs to, allows for extensive configuration like theming and
requiring a password. However, some time ago it went kaput on this machine
and despite manually setting the root partition in
<code>/boot/grub/grub.cfg</code>, it seems the incorrect value was passed
to the kernel at boot and the partition could not be found. Every time I
would reboot I would have to manually set it from GRUB command line (which
is a handy trick to know nonetheless):
<pre>
grub> ls
(hd0) (hd0,gpt0) (hd0,gpt1) (hd0,gpt2)
grub> ls (hd0,gpt1)/
vmlinuz vmlinuz.old
grub> root=(hd0,gpt1)
grub> linux /boot/vmlinuz root=/dev/sda3
grub> boot
</pre>
Since this isn't a multiboot machine, GRUB can simply be omitted and
expose the kernel image as an EFI stub. First, the following kernel
options must be set
<pre>
CONFIG_EFI=y
CONFIG_EFI_STUB=y
CONFIG_CMDLINE_BOOL=y
CONFIG_CMDLINE="root=PARTUUID=<uuid> ro"
</pre>
Where root is set to the <code>PARTUUID</code> value of the root
partition. Use <code>blkid</code> to obtain this Once kernel has been
recompiled, copy the image to the EFI partition and create a new boot
entry. It is also wise to remove unneeded entries to conserve limited
space. (below command selects the first entry with <code>-b</code> and
deletes it with <code>-B</code>)
<pre>
# efibootmgr -b 1 -B
# cp arch/x86/boot/bzImage /boot/efi/gentoo/bzImage-x.y.z.efi
# efibootmgr -c -d /dev/sda -L "gentoo efi stub" -l "\efi\gentoo\bzImage-x.y.z.efi"
</pre>
Reboot and the bootable system should be shown in Mac's EFI program.
</div>
<div id="portage">
<h3>Portage</h3>
<h4>Profile</h4>
When initially setting this up, I opted for a multilib system as I was
still using some 32-bit programs at the time. Since, I have switched to a
no-multilib profile. Unlike adding multilib support to a 64-bit only
system, going from multilib to no-multilib is quite easy.
<pre>
# eselect profile list
...
[12] default/linux/amd64/17.1/no-multilib (stable)
...
# eselect profile set 12
# emerge -auDN @world
# emerge --depclean
</pre>
It was pleasant to see 80+ packages removed after the switch. And have
much reduced overhead in my system overall. I did have to manually set a
few USE flags the were originally set by default profile.
<h4>Compiler</h4>
As Clang/LLVM has become more and more stable and is able to compile
(almost) all packages installed, I chose to switch the default compiler,
linker and other bits over from GCC. This is easy enough in
<code>/etc/portage/make.conf</code>.
<pre>
CC="clang"
CXX="clang++"
AR="llvm-ar"
NM="llvm-nm"
RANLIB="llvm-ranlib"
</pre>
For packages that Clang fails to compile, a GCC fallback environment can
be made containing the previous variables, then applied to certain
packages (e.g.
<a
href="https://packages.gentoo.org/packages/gui-apps/waybar"
target="_blank"
>gui-apps/waybar</a
>) by adding an entry in <code>/etc/portage/package.env</code>. Some
advantages of using Clang over GCC are slightly faster compilation times
and reduced memory usage, and potentially safer binaries overall.
<h4>USE Flags</h4>
My USE flags and related options are quite minimal. Global flags include
<pre>
USE="alsa bluetooth clang dbus elogind gles2 jpeg png \
pulseaudio sdl udev wayland X -systemd -vulkan -nls"
ACCEPT_LICENSE="*"
ACCEPT_KEYWORDS="~amd64"
</pre>
For reference, some primary features used on this system are Wayland,
audio, elogind, and OpenRC. Since no-multilib already has very few things
enabled, not many flags needed to be disabled, although I have quite a few
package specific USE flags disabled to help reduce compile times and
remove dependencies that may only be required for one or two packages.
</div>
<div id="applications">
<h3>Applications</h3>
Packages in my world file can be found in
<a href="data/gentoo/pkglist" target="_blank">package list</a>, and list
of all system packages in
<a href="data/gentoo/pkglist_full" target="_blank">full package list</a>.
Some notable utilities I use are below.
<ul>
<li>
<b>Window Manager: </b
><a href="https://github.com/swaywm/sway" target="_blank">Sway</a
><br />
To omit the need for a display manager and launch directly from a tty,
the <code>XDG_RUNTIME_DIR</code> variable needs to be manually set in
shell startup file (<code>~/.zshrc</code>) Then to launch Sway, simply
add the following as well.
<pre>
if test -z "${XDG_RUNTIME_DIR}"; then
export XDG_RUNTIME_DIR=/tmp/${UID}-runtime-dir
if ! test -d "${XDG_RUNTIME_DIR}"; then
mkdir "${XDG_RUNTIME_DIR}"
chmod 0700 "${XDG_RUNTIME_DIR}"
fi
fi
if [ "$(tty)" = "/dev/tty1" ]; then
exec dbus-run-session sway
fi
</pre
>
</li>
<li>
<b>Bar: </b
><a href="https://github.com/Alexays/Waybar" target="_blank"
>Waybar</a
>
</li>
<li>
<b>Launcher: </b
><a href="https://hg.sr.ht/~scoopta/wofi" target="_blank">Wofi</a>
</li>
<li>
<b>Notifications: </b
><a href="https://github.com/emersion/mako" target="_blank">Mako</a
><br />
Requires <code>x11-libs/libnotify</code> and to be manually started
via Sway configuration.
</li>
<li>
<b>Lock Screen: </b
><a href="https://github.com/jovanlanik/gtklock" target="_blank"
>gtklock</a
>
</li>
<li>
<b>Keyboard Manager: </b
><a href="https://github.com/rvaiya/keyd" target="_blank">Keyd</a
><br />
For many months, I used
<a href="https://github.com/kmonad/kmonad" target="_blank">KMonad</a>,
which was suitable for most of what I needed, but lacked a couple
things, namely key combos. I stumbled across Keyd which to my surprise
did in fact support combos. The
<a
href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/waffle87/dots/xena/.config/keyd.conf"
target="_blank"
>configuration syntax</a
>
is also incredibly simple. After creating an OpenRC service script, it
was ready for use. Putting this here as I'm sure I'll need to
reference it sometime in the future.
<pre>
#!/sbin/openrc-run
command=/usr/bin/keyd
command_background="true"
pidfile="/run/keyd.pid"
</pre
>
</li>
<li>
<b>Terminal: </b
><a href="https://github.com/waffle87/st" target="_blank">st (fork)</a
><br />
While st was originally written as an X program and can be run under
Wayland via Xwayland, it would be nice if it were natively supported.
I have a
<a href="https://github.com/waffle87/st/tree/wl" target="_blank"
>branch</a
>
which is fully functional and does not require Xwayland, although I am
yet to port my current st patches to it.
</li>
<li>
<b>Shell: </b
><a href="https://sourceforge.net/projects/zsh" target="_blank">ZSH</a
><br />
Some command line tools I used along with ZSH include
<ul>
<li>
<a href="https://github.com/starship/starship" target="_blank"
>Starship Prompt</a
>
which provides some useful UI tools like Git repository status.
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://github.com/ajeetdsouza/zoxide" target="_blank"
>Zoxide cd Replacement</a
>
which has auto-jump functionality meaning
<code>cd very/long/long/path</code> can be simplified to
<code>cd path</code>.
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://github.com/lsd-rs/lsd" target="_blank"
>LSD ls Replacement</a
>
which mostly offers useful UI improvements like file type icons
and empty directories, and extensive configuration.
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://github.com/sharkdp/bat" target="_blank"
>Bat cat Replacement</a
>
also mostly consists of UI features like syntax highlighting and
line numbers.
</li>
<li>
<a
href="https://github.com/zsh-users/zsh-autosuggestions"
target="_blank"
>Autosuggestions</a
>
which allows past-run long commands to be completed by tapping
right arrow key.
</li>
<li>
<a
href="https://github.com/zsh-users/zsh-syntax-highlighting"
target="_blank"
>Syntax Highlighting</a
>
does exactly as the name suggests; colours available commands in
green, underlines valid paths, etc.
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://github.com/BurntSushi/ripgrep" target="_blank"
>Ripgrep grep Replacement</a
>
is a more intuitive and significantly faster alternative to
traditional grep.
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<b>Editor: </b
><a href="https://github.com/neovim/neovim" target="_blank">Neovim</a>
</li>
<li>
<b>Document Viewer: </b
><a href="https://github.com/pwmt/zathura" target="_blank">Zathura</a>
</li>
<li>
<b>Privilege escalation: </b
><a href="https://github.com/Duncaen/OpenDoas" target="_blank"
>Doas sudo Alternative</a
><br />
This is a utility originally written for BSD, but has been ported to
Linux under the name OpenDoas. Comparatively, sudo contains roughly
150,000 lines of code, while doas only contains about 4,000. For a
personal computer like this, doas is more than capable of achieving
what I need it to. By default, the "persist" feature is not enabled
and must be set via <code>persist</code>
USE flag.
</li>
<li>
<b>Screenshots: </b
><a href="https://sr.ht/~emersion/grim/" target="_blank">grim</a
><br />
Which can be used with
<a href="https://github.com/emersion/slurp" target="_blank">slurp</a>
to allow to select specific regions. This can then be piped to
<a href="https://github.com/bugaevc/wl-clipboard" target="_blank"
>wl-copy</a
>
to copy the image to your clipboard. I map this functionality to
keyboard input via Sway.
<pre>
bindsym $mod+p exec grim -g "$(slurp)" - | wl-copy
bindsym $mod+Shift+p exec grim -g "$(slurp)"
</pre>
</li>
<li>
<b>Backlight: </b
><a
href="https://github.com/Hummer12007/brightnessctl"
target="_blank"
>brightnessctl</a
><br />
Is used to control both screen brightness and keyboard backlight. This
package is available in the GURU repository. Ensure
<code>CONFIG_APPLE_BACKLIGHT</code> and
<code>CONFIG_SENSORS_APPLESMC</code> are set in the kernel. This
functionality can also be mapped to the keyboard in Sway.
<pre>
bindsym XF86MonBrightnessDown exec brightnessctl -q set 10%-
bindsym XF86MonBrightnessUp exec brightnessctl -q set +10%
bindsym XF86KbdBrightnessDown exec brightnessctl -q --device='smc::kbd_backlight' set 10%-
bindsym XF86KbdBrightnessUp exec brightnessctl -q --device='smc::kbd_backlight' set +10%
</pre>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="miscellaneous">
<h3>Miscellaneous</h3>
Another QOL modification for me was disabling the rather obnoxious startup
sound present on all Macbooks. To do this, kernel must be built with
efivarfs support (<code>CONFIG_EFIVAR_FS</code>) and the partition must be
mounted at <code>/sys/firmware/efi/efivars/</code>. Next, the following
commands must be run as proper root, not just with elevated permissions.
Begin by removing the immutable flag from the appropriate file. Mac's EFI
terminal uses the bell code (<code>0x07</code>) to audibly play system
messages/warnings. It can be set to null character to silence it. Lastly,
replace the immutable flag.
<pre>
chattr -i /sys/firmware/efi/efivars/SystemAudioVolume-7c436110-ab2a-4bbb-a880-fe41995c9f82
printf "\x07\x00\x00\x00\x00" > /sys/firmware/efi/efivars/SystemAudioVolume-7c436110-ab2a-4bbb-a880-fe41995c9f82
chattr +i /sys/firmware/efi/efivars/SystemAudioVolume-7c436110-ab2a-4bbb-a880-fe41995c9f82
</pre>
</div>
<div id="screenshots">
<h3>Screenshots</h3>
<img src="data/gentoo/fetch.png" alt="fetch image" />
<img src="data/gentoo/nvim.png" alt="neovim image" />
<img src="data/gentoo/gotop.png" alt="gotop image" />
<img src="data/gentoo/wofi.png" alt="wofi image" />
<img src="data/gentoo/zathura.png" alt="zathura image" />
<img src="data/gentoo/lockscreen.png" alt="gtklock image" />
</div>
</body>
</html>
|